| Author | DaveJarvis <email> |
|---|---|
| Date | 2025-09-03 22:18:04 GMT-0700 |
| Commit | 9f0a93e921dfe276991ed95af92d83edfac4d3d3 |
| Parent | c1bd65f |
| Delta | 374 lines added, 366 lines removed, 8-line increase |
| * **Distraction-free** when you need to focus | ||
| -## Who should use {{app.title}} | ||
| +## Target users | ||
| {{app.title}} is designed for anyone who needs to produce high-quality |
| -# Basic formatting | ||
| - | ||
| -This section outlines the basic formatting elements supported by {{app.title}}, | ||
| -including paragraphs, headers, lists, links, and tables. There are countless | ||
| -resources available on Markdown syntax, so only the most basic review is given | ||
| -here. | ||
| - | ||
| -## Paragraphs | ||
| - | ||
| -Paragraphs are created by separating blocks of text with one or more blank | ||
| -lines. | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -This is the first paragraph. | ||
| - | ||
| -This is the second paragraph. | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -## Headers | ||
| - | ||
| -Headers are created using one or more hash (`#`) symbols followed by a space | ||
| -and the header text. The number of hash symbols indicates the level of the | ||
| -header. | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -# Header level 1 | ||
| -## Header level 2 | ||
| -### Header level 3 | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -In technical documents, try to limit subheading levels to maintain clarity; | ||
| -usually, three levels are sufficient. | ||
| - | ||
| -## Lists | ||
| - | ||
| -Ordered lists use numbers followed by a period and a space. Unordered lists | ||
| -use asterisks (`*`), plus signs (`+`), or hyphens (`-`) followed by a space. | ||
| - | ||
| -### Ordered list | ||
| - | ||
| -My preference is to use `1.` for each ordered item and let the computer | ||
| -renumber them because it makes adding and removing items faster. | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -1. First item | ||
| -1. Second item | ||
| -1. Third item | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -### Unordered list | ||
| - | ||
| -My preference is to use `*` for the first level of unordered items. | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -* Item one | ||
| -* Item two | ||
| -* Item three | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -## Links | ||
| - | ||
| -Links are created using square brackets for the link text followed by | ||
| -parentheses for the URL. | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -[Download](https://keenwrite.com) | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -## Tables | ||
| - | ||
| -Tables use pipes (`|`) to separate columns and hyphens (`-`) to define the | ||
| -header row. | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -| Column A | Column B | Column C | | ||
| -|----------|----------|----------| | ||
| -| Value 1 | Value 2 | Value 3 | | ||
| -| Value 4 | Value 5 | Value 6 | | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -Alignment can be suggested using a colon (`:`) on the left, right, or both sides | ||
| -(centering) of the header separator line. | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -| Column A | Column B | Column C | | ||
| -|:-----------|:---------:|----------:| | ||
| -| Value 1 | Value 2 | Value 3 | | ||
| -| Value 4 | Value 5 | Value 6 | | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| +# Basic Markdown | ||
| + | ||
| +This section outlines the basic formatting elements supported by {{app.title}}, | ||
| +including paragraphs, headers, lists, links, and tables. There are countless | ||
| +resources available on Markdown syntax, so only the most basic review is given | ||
| +here. | ||
| + | ||
| +## Paragraphs | ||
| + | ||
| +Paragraphs are created by separating blocks of text with one or more blank | ||
| +lines. | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +This is the first paragraph. | ||
| + | ||
| +This is the second paragraph. | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +Without a blank line, the prose will be typeset as a single paragraph. | ||
| + | ||
| +## Headers | ||
| + | ||
| +Headers are created using one or more hash (`#`) symbols followed by a space | ||
| +and the header text. The number of hash symbols indicates the level of the | ||
| +header. | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +# Header level 1 | ||
| +## Header level 2 | ||
| +### Header level 3 | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +In technical documents, try to limit subheading levels to maintain clarity; | ||
| +usually, three levels are sufficient. | ||
| + | ||
| +## Lists | ||
| + | ||
| +Ordered lists use numbers followed by a period and a space. Unordered lists | ||
| +use asterisks (`*`), plus signs (`+`), or hyphens (`-`) followed by a space. | ||
| + | ||
| +### Ordered list | ||
| + | ||
| +My preference is to use `1.` for each ordered item and let the computer | ||
| +renumber them because it makes adding and removing items faster. | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +1. First item | ||
| +1. Second item | ||
| +1. Third item | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +### Unordered list | ||
| + | ||
| +My preference is to use `*` for the first level of unordered items. | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +* Item one | ||
| +* Item two | ||
| +* Item three | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +## Links | ||
| + | ||
| +Links are created using square brackets for the link text followed by | ||
| +parentheses for the URL. | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +[Download](https://keenwrite.com) | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +## Tables | ||
| + | ||
| +Tables use pipes (`|`) to separate columns and hyphens (`-`) to define the | ||
| +header row. | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +| Column A | Column B | Column C | | ||
| +|----------|----------|----------| | ||
| +| Value 1 | Value 2 | Value 3 | | ||
| +| Value 4 | Value 5 | Value 6 | | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +Alignment can be suggested using a colon (`:`) on the left, right, or both sides | ||
| +(centering) of the header separator line. | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +| Column A | Column B | Column C | | ||
| +|:-----------|:---------:|----------:| | ||
| +| Value 1 | Value 2 | Value 3 | | ||
| +| Value 4 | Value 5 | Value 6 | | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| -# Advanced formatting | ||
| - | ||
| -This chapter covers advanced formatting features that enhance document structure and presentation. These features help create professional documents with rich content organization, proper cross-referencing, and typographic excellence. | ||
| - | ||
| -## Fenced divs | ||
| - | ||
| -Fenced divs provide a way to create structured XHTML `div` elements within Markdown documents. They offer semantic organization and styling capabilities beyond basic Markdown formatting. | ||
| - | ||
| -### Basic syntax | ||
| - | ||
| -A fenced div uses the following basic syntax: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -::: name | ||
| -Content | ||
| -::: | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -To create a fenced div, begin a line with at least three colons (`:::`), followed by at least one space, followed by any word. Content follows immediately on the next line. Terminate the fence with at least three colons. | ||
| - | ||
| -The XHTML generated from the fence above will resemble: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` html | ||
| -<div class="name"> | ||
| -<p>Content</p> | ||
| -</div> | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -### Extended syntax | ||
| - | ||
| -Fenced divs support extended syntax for more control. The syntax can provide a unique identifier, multiple class names, and key/value data pairs: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -::: {#poem-01 .stanza author="Emily Dickinson" year=1890} | ||
| -Because I could not stop for Death -- | ||
| -He kindly stopped for me -- | ||
| -The Carriage held but just Ourselves -- | ||
| -And Immortality. | ||
| -::: | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -This produces: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` html | ||
| -<div id="poem-01" class="stanza" data-author="Emily Dickinson" data-year="1890"> | ||
| -<p>Because I could not stop for Death – | ||
| -He kindly stopped for me – | ||
| -The Carriage held but just Ourselves – | ||
| -And Immortality.</p> | ||
| -</div> | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -When using this syntax, prefix class styles with a period (e.g., `.stanza`). | ||
| - | ||
| -### Nested syntax | ||
| - | ||
| -Fenced blocks may be nested to create complex document structures: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -::: poem | ||
| -:::::: stanza | ||
| -Because I could not stop for Death -- | ||
| -He kindly stopped for me -- | ||
| -The Carriage held but just Ourselves -- | ||
| -And Immortality. | ||
| -:::::: | ||
| -::: | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -This produces nested `div` elements: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` html | ||
| -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> | ||
| -<p>Because I could not stop for Death – | ||
| -He kindly stopped for me – | ||
| -The Carriage held but just Ourselves – | ||
| -And Immortality.</p> | ||
| -</div></div> | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -## Code blocks | ||
| - | ||
| -In technical documentation, including source code snippets can help illustrate | ||
| -concepts. The syntax for such snippets is exemplified in the following | ||
| -quintessential BASIC program: | ||
| - | ||
| - ``` basic | ||
| - 10 print "hi" | ||
| - 20 goto 10 | ||
| - ``` | ||
| - | ||
| -The word `basic` provides a hint to the presentation layer to colourise the | ||
| -syntax according to the rules of the BASIC programming language. Code blocks | ||
| -are also used to draw diagrams using text-based syntaxes. See | ||
| -[@sec:text-diagrams] for details. | ||
| - | ||
| -## Captions and cross-references | ||
| - | ||
| -Captions provide context and descriptions for tables, figures, equations, and other document elements. Cross-references allow linking to these captioned items throughout the document. | ||
| - | ||
| -### Caption syntax | ||
| - | ||
| -Captions start with a double colon (`::`) separated by a blank line from the item they describe. The blank line is essential for proper formatting. | ||
| - | ||
| -For images: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| - | ||
| - | ||
| -:: Figure caption text | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -For tables: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -| a | b | c | | ||
| -|---|---|---| | ||
| -| 1 | 2 | 3 | | ||
| -| 4 | 5 | 6 | | ||
| - | ||
| -:: Table caption text | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -For equations: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -$$E = mc^2$$ | ||
| - | ||
| -:: Equation caption text | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -### Cross-references | ||
| - | ||
| -Cross-references use anchor names and reference tags to link to captioned | ||
| -items. The syntax is: | ||
| - | ||
| -- `{#type-name:label}` for defining an anchor name | ||
| -- `[@type-name:label]` for referencing the anchor elsewhere | ||
| - | ||
| -Example with image and cross-reference: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -In [@fig:animal], a cute animal is shown. | ||
| - | ||
| - | ||
| - | ||
| -:: World's cutest animal {#fig:animal} | ||
| - | ||
| -There is no cuter animal than the one in [@fig:animal]. | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -Anchors can include a wide variety of type names and labels, such as: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` markdown | ||
| -{#fig:cats} | ||
| -{#图版:猫} | ||
| -{#eq:mass-energy} | ||
| -{#eqn:laplace} | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -### Predefined type names | ||
| - | ||
| -To simplify writing captions and references, predefined type names correspond | ||
| -to labels commonly used in documents. These labels automatically generate | ||
| -suitable names. [@tbl:type-names] lists predefined cross-reference type names | ||
| -along with their associated labels, which are inserted automatically into the | ||
| -document. | ||
| - | ||
| -| Type name | English name | | ||
| -|----------------------------------|--------------| | ||
| -| algorithm, alg | Algorithm | | ||
| -| equation, eqn, eq | Equation | | ||
| -| figure, fig | Figure | | ||
| -| formula | Formula | | ||
| -| listing, list, lst, source, src | Listing | | ||
| -| lyric | Lyrics | | ||
| -| music, score | Score | | ||
| -| table, tbl, tab | Table | | ||
| - | ||
| -:: Predefined cross-reference types and labels {#tbl:type-names} | ||
| - | ||
| -## Quotation marks | ||
| - | ||
| -Understanding quotation mark encoding helps ensure proper typography in both digital and print formats. Different encoding options provide flexibility for various output requirements. | ||
| - | ||
| -[@tbl:quote-encoding] lists available encoding choices. | ||
| - | ||
| -| Option | Encoding | Description | | ||
| -|----------|------------|---------------------------------------------| | ||
| -| regular | | Do not encode | | ||
| -| apos | `'` | Curled when typeset to PDF | | ||
| -| aposhex | `'` | Apostrophe's numeric value | | ||
| -| quote | `’` | Right single quotation mark | | ||
| -| quotehex | `’` | Right single quotation mark's numeric value | | ||
| -| modifier | `ʼ` | The modifier letter apostrophe | | ||
| - | ||
| -:: Single straight quote encoding options {#tbl:quote-encoding} | ||
| - | ||
| -When typesetting to PDF, only the semantically correct `'` value will be | ||
| -curled automatically. | ||
| - | ||
| -### History | ||
| - | ||
| -The origins of quotation marks trace back to scholarly annotation practices in | ||
| -Ancient Greece. Greek scribes used marginal symbols like the diplé (`⟩`) to | ||
| -highlight notable passages. A variant, the diplé periestigmene (`⸖`)—a diplé | ||
| -accompanied by dots—was used by scholars to indicate disagreement with earlier | ||
| -interpretations. These marks laid groundwork for distinguishing quoted text. | ||
| - | ||
| -By the seventeenth century, quotation marks appeared regularly in printed | ||
| -texts. Western European typographers in the nineteenth century adopted the | ||
| -convention of turning quotation mark pairs outward, creating the familiar | ||
| -"double curved" style. | ||
| - | ||
| -Early mechanical typewriters lacked many punctuation marks. Straight single and | ||
| -double quotes served multiple roles: quotation marks, apostrophes, feet and | ||
| -inches, and mathematical primes. Computer character sets later codified | ||
| -straight quotes, creating ongoing typographical challenges. | ||
| - | ||
| -Modern standards recommend using the right single quotation mark (`’`) for | ||
| -apostrophes, though this creates semantic ambiguity since the same character | ||
| -closes dialogue. Consider the sentence: | ||
| - | ||
| -> Ambiguity lurks in \"\'cause the horses\'\". | ||
| - | ||
| -The meaning of `'cause` (*because* vs. *induce*) determines whether to use an | ||
| -opening quote or apostrophe, highlighting how historical decisions still impact | ||
| -modern typography. | ||
| - | ||
| -## Mathematics | ||
| - | ||
| -Mathematical expressions can be embedded using TeX notation, to typeset | ||
| -formulas and equations. | ||
| - | ||
| -### Inline mathematics | ||
| - | ||
| -For inline mathematical expressions, enclose TeX code in single dollar signs: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` tex | ||
| -The equation $x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$ is the quadratic formula. | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -### Display mathematics | ||
| - | ||
| -For standalone equations, use double dollar signs: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` tex | ||
| -$$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2} dx = \sqrt{\pi}$$ | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -### Common TeX notation | ||
| - | ||
| -Basic mathematical elements use standard TeX syntax: | ||
| - | ||
| -- Fractions: `\frac{numerator}{denominator}` | ||
| -- Square roots: `\sqrt{expression}` | ||
| -- Superscripts: `x^2` | ||
| -- Subscripts: `x_1` | ||
| -- Greek letters: `\alpha`, `\beta`, `\gamma`, etc. | ||
| -- Integrals: `\int` | ||
| -- Summations: `\sum` | ||
| -- Limits: `\lim_{x \to 0}` | ||
| - | ||
| -More complex expressions combine these elements: | ||
| - | ||
| -``` tex | ||
| -$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6}$$ | ||
| - | ||
| -$$\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1$$ | ||
| -``` | ||
| - | ||
| -When exported to XHTML, mathematical expressions can be output as TeX | ||
| -notation for use with KaTeX or MathJax. Or as SVG images. When exported to PDF, | ||
| -the typesetting system renders expressions directly. | ||
| - | ||
| +# Advanced Markdown | ||
| + | ||
| +This chapter covers advanced formatting features that enhance document structure and presentation. These features help create professional documents with rich content organization, proper cross-referencing, and typographic excellence. | ||
| + | ||
| +## Fenced divs | ||
| + | ||
| +Fenced divs provide transform into XHTML `div` elements. They allow semantic | ||
| +organization and styling beyond standard Markdown. | ||
| + | ||
| +### Basic syntax | ||
| + | ||
| +A fenced div starts with at least three colons (`:::`), followed by one or more | ||
| +spaces, and then any word. Content follows immediately on the next line. | ||
| +Fences must be terminated with at least three colons alone on a line. For | ||
| +example: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +::: name | ||
| +Content | ||
| +::: | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +The output resembles: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` html | ||
| +<div class="name"> | ||
| +<p>Content</p> | ||
| +</div> | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +### Extended syntax | ||
| + | ||
| +Fenced divs have an extended syntax for more influence over the presentation. | ||
| +The syntax allows for a unique identifier (marked with a hash, `#`), multiple classes (starting with a period, `.`), and key-value pairs (of the form `name=value`): | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +::: {#poem-01 .stanza author="Emily Dickinson" year=1890} | ||
| +Because I could not stop for Death -- | ||
| +He kindly stopped for me -- | ||
| +The Carriage held but just Ourselves -- | ||
| +And Immortality. | ||
| +::: | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +This produces: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` html | ||
| +<div id="poem-01" class="stanza" data-author="Emily Dickinson" data-year="1890"> | ||
| +<p>Because I could not stop for Death – | ||
| +He kindly stopped for me – | ||
| +The Carriage held but just Ourselves – | ||
| +And Immortality.</p> | ||
| +</div> | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +While this syntax is not strictly Markdown, it is well supported by a variety | ||
| +of other tools, including pandoc. | ||
| + | ||
| +### Nested syntax | ||
| + | ||
| +Fenced blocks may be nested to create complex document structures: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +::: poem | ||
| +:::::: stanza | ||
| +Because I could not stop for Death -- | ||
| +He kindly stopped for me -- | ||
| +The Carriage held but just Ourselves -- | ||
| +And Immortality. | ||
| +:::::: | ||
| +::: | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +This produces nested `div` elements: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` html | ||
| +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> | ||
| +<p>Because I could not stop for Death – | ||
| +He kindly stopped for me – | ||
| +The Carriage held but just Ourselves – | ||
| +And Immortality.</p> | ||
| +</div></div> | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +## Code blocks | ||
| + | ||
| +In technical documentation, including source code snippets can help illustrate | ||
| +concepts. The syntax for such snippets is exemplified in the following | ||
| +quintessential BASIC program: | ||
| + | ||
| + ``` basic | ||
| + 10 print "hi" | ||
| + 20 goto 10 | ||
| + ``` | ||
| + | ||
| +The word `basic` provides a hint to the presentation layer to colourise the | ||
| +syntax according to the rules of the BASIC programming language. Code blocks | ||
| +are also used to draw diagrams using text-based syntaxes. See | ||
| +[@sec:text-diagrams] for details. | ||
| + | ||
| +## Captions and cross-references | ||
| + | ||
| +Captions provide context and descriptions for tables, figures, equations, and | ||
| +so forth. Cross-references allow linking to these captioned items throughout | ||
| +the document. | ||
| + | ||
| +### Caption syntax | ||
| + | ||
| +Captions start with a double colon (`::`) separated by a blank line from the item they describe. The blank line is essential for proper formatting. | ||
| + | ||
| +For images: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| + | ||
| + | ||
| +:: Figure caption text | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +For tables: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +| a | b | c | | ||
| +|---|---|---| | ||
| +| 1 | 2 | 3 | | ||
| +| 4 | 5 | 6 | | ||
| + | ||
| +:: Table caption text | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +For equations: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +$$E = mc^2$$ | ||
| + | ||
| +:: Equation caption text | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +### Cross-references | ||
| + | ||
| +Cross-references use anchor names and reference tags to link to captioned | ||
| +items. The syntax is: | ||
| + | ||
| +- `{#type-name:label}` for defining an anchor name | ||
| +- `[@type-name:label]` for referencing the anchor elsewhere | ||
| + | ||
| +Example with image and cross-reference: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +In [@fig:animal], a cute animal is shown. | ||
| + | ||
| + | ||
| + | ||
| +:: World's cutest animal {#fig:animal} | ||
| + | ||
| +There is no cuter animal than the one in [@fig:animal]. | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +Anchors can include a wide variety of type names and labels, such as: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` markdown | ||
| +{#fig:cats} | ||
| +{#图版:猫} | ||
| +{#eq:mass-energy} | ||
| +{#eqn:laplace} | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +### Predefined type names | ||
| + | ||
| +To simplify writing captions and references, predefined type names correspond | ||
| +to labels commonly used in documents. These labels automatically generate | ||
| +suitable names. [@tbl:type-names] lists predefined cross-reference type names | ||
| +along with their associated labels, which are inserted automatically into the | ||
| +document. | ||
| + | ||
| +| Type name | English name | | ||
| +|----------------------------------|--------------| | ||
| +| algorithm, alg | Algorithm | | ||
| +| equation, eqn, eq | Equation | | ||
| +| figure, fig | Figure | | ||
| +| formula | Formula | | ||
| +| listing, list, lst, source, src | Listing | | ||
| +| lyric | Lyrics | | ||
| +| music, score | Score | | ||
| +| table, tbl, tab | Table | | ||
| + | ||
| +:: Predefined cross-reference types and labels {#tbl:type-names} | ||
| + | ||
| +## Quotation marks | ||
| + | ||
| +Understanding quotation mark encoding helps ensure proper typography in both digital and print formats. Different encoding options provide flexibility for various output requirements. | ||
| + | ||
| +[@tbl:quote-encoding] lists available encoding choices. | ||
| + | ||
| +| Option | Encoding | Description | | ||
| +|----------|------------|---------------------------------------------| | ||
| +| regular | | Do not encode | | ||
| +| apos | `'` | Curled when typeset to PDF | | ||
| +| aposhex | `'` | Apostrophe's numeric value | | ||
| +| quote | `’` | Right single quotation mark | | ||
| +| quotehex | `’` | Right single quotation mark's numeric value | | ||
| +| modifier | `ʼ` | The modifier letter apostrophe | | ||
| + | ||
| +:: Single straight quote encoding options {#tbl:quote-encoding} | ||
| + | ||
| +When typesetting to PDF, only the semantically correct `'` value will be | ||
| +curled automatically. | ||
| + | ||
| +### History | ||
| + | ||
| +The origins of quotation marks trace back to scholarly annotation practices in | ||
| +Ancient Greece. Greek scribes used marginal symbols like the diplé (`⟩`) to | ||
| +highlight notable passages. A variant, the diplé periestigmene (`⸖`)—a diplé | ||
| +accompanied by dots—was used by scholars to indicate disagreement with earlier | ||
| +interpretations. These marks laid groundwork for distinguishing quoted text. | ||
| + | ||
| +By the seventeenth century, quotation marks appeared regularly in printed | ||
| +texts. Western European typographers in the nineteenth century adopted the | ||
| +convention of turning quotation mark pairs outward, creating the familiar | ||
| +"double curved" style. | ||
| + | ||
| +Early mechanical typewriters lacked many punctuation marks. Straight single and | ||
| +double quotes served multiple roles: quotation marks, apostrophes, feet and | ||
| +inches, and mathematical primes. Computer character sets later codified | ||
| +straight quotes, creating ongoing typographical challenges. | ||
| + | ||
| +Modern standards recommend using the right single quotation mark (`’`) for | ||
| +apostrophes, though this creates semantic ambiguity since the same character | ||
| +closes dialogue. Consider the sentence: | ||
| + | ||
| +> Ambiguity lurks in \"\'cause the horses\'\". | ||
| + | ||
| +The meaning of `'cause` (*because* vs. *induce*) determines whether to use an | ||
| +opening quote or apostrophe, highlighting how historical decisions still impact | ||
| +modern typography. | ||
| + | ||
| +## Mathematics | ||
| + | ||
| +Mathematical expressions can be embedded using TeX notation, to typeset | ||
| +formulas and equations. | ||
| + | ||
| +### Inline mathematics | ||
| + | ||
| +For inline mathematical expressions, enclose TeX code in single dollar signs: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` tex | ||
| +The equation $x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$ is the quadratic formula. | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +### Display mathematics | ||
| + | ||
| +For standalone equations, use double dollar signs: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` tex | ||
| +$$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2} dx = \sqrt{\pi}$$ | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +### Common TeX notation | ||
| + | ||
| +Basic mathematical elements use standard TeX syntax: | ||
| + | ||
| +- Fractions: `\frac{numerator}{denominator}` | ||
| +- Square roots: `\sqrt{expression}` | ||
| +- Superscripts: `x^2` | ||
| +- Subscripts: `x_1` | ||
| +- Greek letters: `\alpha`, `\beta`, `\gamma`, etc. | ||
| +- Integrals: `\int` | ||
| +- Summations: `\sum` | ||
| +- Limits: `\lim_{x \to 0}` | ||
| + | ||
| +More complex expressions combine these elements: | ||
| + | ||
| +``` tex | ||
| +$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6}$$ | ||
| + | ||
| +$$\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1$$ | ||
| +``` | ||
| + | ||
| +When exported to XHTML, mathematical expressions can be output as TeX | ||
| +notation for use with KaTeX or MathJax. Or as SVG images. When exported to PDF, | ||
| +the typesetting system renders expressions directly. | ||
| + | ||